Definition
- CLD
- What is chronic liver disease (CLD) and chronic liver failure? A
- What do you mean by CLD? H46
- Which diseases are included in CLD? Hl
- Cirrhosis of liver
- Define cirrhosis? H48
- What are the histological components of cirrhosis? H49
- Classify cirrhosis. H50
- What is cirrhosis of liver? What are the types? A
- What are the types of cirrhosis of liver clinically? hl
- What is ascites? A, hl
- What is spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP)? a
- What is hepatorenal syndrome? A
- What is hepatopulmonary syndrome? A
- What is portopulmonary hypertension? A
- What are the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors? A
- What is fetor hepaticus? A
- What is diabetic cheiroarthropathy? A
- What is fulminating hepatic failure? A
- What is constructional apraxia? How to test for it? A
- What do you mean by serum ascites albumin gradient (SAAG)? a335/350, hl
- What is hepatic encephalopathy? Hl
- What is constructional apraxia? Hl
- What is hepatic facies? Hl
- What is spider nevi? Hl
- What is the usual sites of spider nevi? Hl
- What is refractory ascites and mention its type? Hl
- Define portal hypertension? Hl
Etiology and Pathophysiology
- Cirrhosis of liver
- What are the causes of cirrhosis of liver? A, h51, hl
- What are the commonest causes of cirrhosis of liver? A
- What is the pathogenesis of clinical features of cirrhosis of liver? Hl
- Why itching in liver disease? A
- What are the causes of bad breath (halitosis)? A
- Why does hepatic facies occur/ hl
- Ascites
- What are the causes of abdominal distension? A
- What are the causes of ascites? A, h64
- What are the most common causes of ascites? Hl
- What is the mechanism of ascites in cirrhosis of liver? A
- What is the type of ascites in cirrhosis of liver? Hl
- What are the causes of transudative ascites? Hl
- What are the causes of exudative ascites? Hl
- What are the common causes of cirrhotic ascites? Hl
- How much fluid is required to detect ascites clinically? A, hl
- Hepatic encephalopathy
- What are the predisposing factors of hepatic encephalopathy? Hl
- Portal hypertension
- When do clinical features or complications develop in portal hypertension? Hl
- What are the mechanisms of developing portal hypertension? Hl
- What are the common causes of portal hypertension? Hl
Clinical manifestations
- What are the presentations of cirrhosis of liver? Hl
- Describe hepatic facies. H58
- Tell the grading of hepatic encephalopathy. H85
- What are the clinical features of portal hypertension? Hl
Examinations
- What specific signs you would look for to fins out underlying cause? hs
- What are the features of alcohol abuse? hs
- What are the stigmata of CLD or cirrhosis? A
- What are the cutaneous stigmata of cirrhosis? Hl
- Tell the common causes of gyneocomastia. Hl
- Tell the name of some drugs which may cause gynecomastia. Hl
- Tell the finding on testis. Hl
- How to confirm ascites clinically? a
- What specific findings will you see in CLD or cirrhosis of liver in a young patient? A
- What are the features of hepatocellular insufficiency? Hl
- What are the signs of portal hypertension? A, hl
- If the patient has SBP, what features will you observe? hl
- What are the signs of decompensated cirrhosis? A, hl
- Which signs will you expect in hepatic encephalopathy? Hl
- Is flapping tremor present in every case? H87
- Show flapping tremor. hl
Investigations
- How will you investigate this patient? Hl
- Tell the use of USG in CLD. Hl
- What are the liver function tests? Hl
- What will you observe in LFT? Hl
- If there is any need of endoscopy? Hl
- Ascities
- What investigations are done in ascites? A
- What is the character of ascitic fluid in CLD? A
- What is the single best investigation to detect ascites? A
- How will you differentiate exudative and transudative ascites? Hl
- What investigations should be done in cirrhosis of liver? A, h60
- What investigations are done to see the severity of liver disease? A
- Name a single test in poor patient to find out the prognosis? Hl
- What are the components of scoring in Child-Pugh classification of prognosis in cirrhosis? hl
Diagnosis
- What is your diagnosis? Hs
- Why portal hypertension? A
- What are the differential diagnosis? Hl
- Why not abdominal tuberculosis? hl
- What are the other possible causes of ascites in this case? A
- Is there any importance of family history? hl
- If a patient of CLD with ascites complains of fever and abdominal pain, what is the likely diagnosis? A
- If there is associated fever, what is your diagnosis? Hl
- If the patient has cirrhosis and ascites, what does it indicate? a
- If patient with CLD deteriorates, what are the possibilities? A
- Which criteria should be present to diagnose hepatic encephalopathy? H83
- What are the differential diagnoses of hepatic encephalopathy? H91
Treatment
- What are the principles of management of cirrhosis? Hl
- CLD
- How can you treat a case of CLD? Hl
- What types of diuretics are used in CLD? Why? H75
- When diuretics should be stopped? Hl
- When fluid will be restricted in case of CLD? H77
- Why constipation and diarrhea is avoided in CLD? hl
- What are the bad prognostic signs of CLD? A
- In which liver disease, vitamin K therapy is helpful? A
- What are the principles of treatment of cirrhotic ascites? Hl
- Ascites
- How to treat ascites in cirrhosis of liver? A, hl
- What are the rationalities of treatment of ascites? Hl
- Will you prefer paracentesis or TIPSS in refractory ascites? A
- What is the treatment of refractory ascites? Hl
- Hepatic encephalopathy
- What are the principles of management of hepatic encephalopathy? Hl
- Tell the management of hepatic encephalopathy? Hl
- What is the mechanism of action of lactulose in hepatic encephalopathy? Hl
- Portal hypertension
- What is the management of portal hypertension? hl
- What is the emergency management of variceal bleeding? Hl
- How can you prevent recurrent bleeding? Hl
- How can you prevent initial variceal bleeding? Hl
Complications
- What are the complications of cirrhosis of liver? A
- What are the complications of CLD? hl
- What are the complications of ascites in CLD? A, h56
- What are the complications of ascites? Hl
- What is the management of portal hypertension? Hl
Related topics a
- Portosystemic anastomosis
- Spider angioma
- Venous stars
- Palmar erythema (liver palm)
Portosystemic encephalopathy (PSE) or hepatic precoma
- What are the differential diagnoses of PSE? A
- How to diagnose PSE in early stage? A
- What is the mode of action of lactulose? a