Definition

  • CLD
    • What is chronic liver disease (CLD) and chronic liver failure? A
    • What do you mean by CLD? H46
    • Which diseases are included in CLD? Hl
  • Cirrhosis of liver
    • Define cirrhosis? H48
    • What are the histological components of cirrhosis? H49
    • Classify cirrhosis. H50
    • What is cirrhosis of liver? What are the types? A
    • What are the types of cirrhosis of liver clinically? hl
  • What is ascites? A, hl
  • What is spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP)? a
  • What is hepatorenal syndrome? A
  • What is hepatopulmonary syndrome? A
  • What is portopulmonary hypertension? A
  • What are the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors? A
  • What is fetor hepaticus? A
  • What is diabetic cheiroarthropathy? A
  • What is fulminating hepatic failure? A
  • What is constructional apraxia? How to test for it? A
  • What do you mean by serum ascites albumin gradient (SAAG)? a335/350, hl
  • What is hepatic encephalopathy? Hl
  • What is constructional apraxia? Hl
  • What is hepatic facies? Hl
  • What is spider nevi? Hl
    • What is the usual sites of spider nevi? Hl
  • What is refractory ascites and mention its type? Hl
  • Define portal hypertension? Hl

Etiology and Pathophysiology

  • Cirrhosis of liver
    • What are the causes of cirrhosis of liver? A, h51, hl
    • What are the commonest causes of cirrhosis of liver? A
    • What is the pathogenesis of clinical features of cirrhosis of liver? Hl
  • Why itching in liver disease? A
  • What are the causes of bad breath (halitosis)? A
  • Why does hepatic facies occur/ hl
  • Ascites
    • What are the causes of abdominal distension? A
    • What are the causes of ascites? A, h64
    • What are the most common causes of ascites? Hl
    • What is the mechanism of ascites in cirrhosis of liver? A
    • What is the type of ascites in cirrhosis of liver? Hl
    • What are the causes of transudative ascites? Hl
    • What are the causes of exudative ascites? Hl
    • What are the common causes of cirrhotic ascites? Hl
    • How much fluid is required to detect ascites clinically? A, hl
  • Hepatic encephalopathy
    • What are the predisposing factors of hepatic encephalopathy? Hl
  • Portal hypertension
    • When do clinical features or complications develop in portal hypertension? Hl
    • What are the mechanisms of developing portal hypertension? Hl
    • What are the common causes of portal hypertension? Hl

Clinical manifestations

  • What are the presentations of cirrhosis of liver? Hl
  • Describe hepatic facies. H58
  • Tell the grading of hepatic encephalopathy. H85
  • What are the clinical features of portal hypertension? Hl

Examinations

  • What specific signs you would look for to fins out underlying cause? hs
    • What are the features of alcohol abuse? hs
  • What are the stigmata of CLD or cirrhosis? A
  • What are the cutaneous stigmata of cirrhosis? Hl
    • Tell the common causes of gyneocomastia. Hl
    • Tell the name of some drugs which may cause gynecomastia. Hl
  • Tell the finding on testis. Hl
  • How to confirm ascites clinically? a
  • What specific findings will you see in CLD or cirrhosis of liver in a young patient? A
  • What are the features of hepatocellular insufficiency? Hl
  • What are the signs of portal hypertension? A, hl
  • If the patient has SBP, what features will you observe? hl
  • What are the signs of decompensated cirrhosis? A, hl
  • Which signs will you expect in hepatic encephalopathy? Hl
    • Is flapping tremor present in every case? H87
    • Show flapping tremor. hl

Investigations

  • How will you investigate this patient? Hl
    • Tell the use of USG in CLD. Hl
    • What are the liver function tests? Hl
    • What will you observe in LFT? Hl
    • If there is any need of endoscopy? Hl
  • Ascities
    • What investigations are done in ascites? A
    • What is the character of ascitic fluid in CLD? A
    • What is the single best investigation to detect ascites? A
    • How will you differentiate exudative and transudative ascites? Hl
  • What investigations should be done in cirrhosis of liver? A, h60
  • What investigations are done to see the severity of liver disease? A
  • Name a single test in poor patient to find out the prognosis? Hl
  • What are the components of scoring in Child-Pugh classification of prognosis in cirrhosis? hl

Diagnosis

  • What is your diagnosis? Hs
  • Why portal hypertension? A
  • What are the differential diagnosis? Hl
    • Why not abdominal tuberculosis? hl
  • What are the other possible causes of ascites in this case? A
  • Is there any importance of family history? hl
  • If a patient of CLD with ascites complains of fever and abdominal pain, what is the likely diagnosis? A
  • If there is associated fever, what is your diagnosis? Hl
  • If the patient has cirrhosis and ascites, what does it indicate? a
  • If patient with CLD deteriorates, what are the possibilities? A
  • Which criteria should be present to diagnose hepatic encephalopathy? H83
  • What are the differential diagnoses of hepatic encephalopathy? H91

Treatment

  • What are the principles of management of cirrhosis? Hl
  • CLD
    • How can you treat a case of CLD? Hl
    • What types of diuretics are used in CLD? Why? H75
    • When diuretics should be stopped? Hl
    • When fluid will be restricted in case of CLD? H77
    • Why constipation and diarrhea is avoided in CLD? hl
    • What are the bad prognostic signs of CLD? A
  • In which liver disease, vitamin K therapy is helpful? A
  • What are the principles of treatment of cirrhotic ascites? Hl
  • Ascites
    • How to treat ascites in cirrhosis of liver? A, hl
    • What are the rationalities of treatment of ascites? Hl
    • Will you prefer paracentesis or TIPSS in refractory ascites? A
    • What is the treatment of refractory ascites? Hl
  • Hepatic encephalopathy
    • What are the principles of management of hepatic encephalopathy? Hl
    • Tell the management of hepatic encephalopathy? Hl
    • What is the mechanism of action of lactulose in hepatic encephalopathy? Hl
  • Portal hypertension
    • What is the management of portal hypertension? hl
    • What is the emergency management of variceal bleeding? Hl
    • How can you prevent recurrent bleeding? Hl
    • How can you prevent initial variceal bleeding? Hl

Complications

  • What are the complications of cirrhosis of liver? A
  • What are the complications of CLD? hl
  • What are the complications of ascites in CLD? A, h56
  • What are the complications of ascites? Hl
  • What is the management of portal hypertension? Hl

Related topics a

  • Portosystemic anastomosis
  • Spider angioma
  • Venous stars
  • Palmar erythema (liver palm)

Portosystemic encephalopathy (PSE) or hepatic precoma

  • What are the differential diagnoses of PSE? A
  • How to diagnose PSE in early stage? A
  • What is the mode of action of lactulose? a

 

 

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