Respiratory system

• Cough
• Sputum
• Wheeze
• Breathlessness
• Chest pain
• Hemoptysis.

1. Acute cough (<3 weeks)
   1. Viral respiratory tract infection (rhinitis/sinusitis)
   2. Bacterial infection (acute bronchitis)
   3. Inhaled foreign body
   4. Pneumonia
   5. Acute extrinsic allergic alveolitis.
2. Chronic cough (>8 weeks)
   1. COPD
   2. Asthma
   3. Tuberculosis
   4. Lung carcinoma
   5. Bronchiectasis
   6. Interstitial lung disease.
   7. GERD
   8. Postviral bronchial hyper-reactivity
   9. Rhinitis/sinusitis
   10. Cigaret smoking
   11. Drugs, especially ACE inhibitors.

• Hemoptysis
• Breathlessness
• Fever
• Chest pain
• Weight loss.

• GERD
• Cough variant asthma
• Postnasal drip (rhinitis/sinusitis)
• Postviral bronchial hyper-reactivity
• Cigaret smoking
• Drugs, especially ACE inhibitors
• Viral respiratory tract infection
• Bacterial infection (acute bronchitis)
• Inhalation of irritant dusts/fumes.

• Pneumonia
• Bronchiectasis
• Lung abscess
• Acute pulmonary edema
• Chronic bronchitis/COPD
• Cystic fibrosis
• Alveolar cell cancer.

• Pneumonia
• Bronchiectasis
• Lung abscess
• COPD (infective exacerbation)
• Cystic fibrosis.

• Bronchiectasis
• Rupture of a lung abscess or empyema into the bronchial tree
• Pulmonary edema
• Alveolar cell cancer.

Pneumococcal pneumonia is the cause of rusty sputum.

• Pulmonary edema
• Alveolar cell carcinoma.

Musical sound produced by obstruction of small bronchus and bronchioles.

• Asthma
• COPD.

* Pre-exam preparation for medicine, HN Sarker

Sound produced by obstruction of large bronchus whether intrathoracic or extrathoracic.

1. Minutes
   1. Pulmonary thromboembolism
   2. Pneumothorax
   3. Acute left ventricular failure
   4. Acute severe asthma
   5. Inhaled foreign body.
2. Hours to days
   1. Pneumonia
   2. Asthma
   3. Exacerbation of COPD.
3. Weeks to months
   1.  Anemia
   2. Pleural effusion
   3. Respiratory neuromuscular disorders.
4. Months to years
   1. COPD
   2. Pulmonary fibrosis
   3. Pulmonary tuberculosis.

Lung causes are:

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Chronic asthma
• Chronic pulmonary thromboembolism
• Bronchial carcinoma
• Interstitial lung diseases: Sarcoidosis, fibrosing alveolitis, and extrinsic allergic alveolitis.
• Lymphatic carcinomatosis
• Large pleural effusion(s).

Heart causes are:

• Chronic congestive cardiac failure
• Myocardial ischemia.

Read more about dyspnoea at Symptoms of cardiovascular disease

See more about dyspnoea at COPD

* Davidson’s Principles and Practice of Medicine, 22nd Edition Page: 674

Hemoptysis means coughing up blood.

Coughing out 200ml of blood in 24 hours.

• Tuberculosis
• Bronchial carcinoma
• Bronchiectasis
• Pneumonia
• Mitral stenosis
• Pulmonary infarction.