Nervous system Archives - Rimikri Med https://med.rimikri.com/category/nervous-system/ Online preparation for medical examinations Sat, 20 May 2017 16:19:12 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.8.3 https://i0.wp.com/med.rimikri.com/wcmdri/uploads/2017/05/cropped-logo-Circle-opt-1.png?fit=32%2C32&ssl=1 Nervous system Archives - Rimikri Med https://med.rimikri.com/category/nervous-system/ 32 32 140363082 Transverse myelitis https://med.rimikri.com/transverse-myelitis-questions/ Sat, 20 May 2017 16:19:12 +0000 http://med.rimikri.com/?p=506 The post Transverse myelitis appeared first on Rimikri Med.

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Neurology

Definition and classification

  • What is transverse myelitis (TM)? a

Epidemiology

  • Q

Etiology and Pathophysiology

  • What are the causes of TM? A
  • What is the common site of transverse myelitis? a

Clinical manifestations

  • What are the features of transverse myelitis? a

Examinations

  • Q

Investigations

  • What investigations should be done? A, Hs95

Diagnosis

  • What is your diagnosis? Hs95
  • Why have you told this? Hs95
  • Why is it transverse myelitis? A
  • What history would you like to ask the patient? Hs95
  • What are your differential diagnoses? A
  • A 22-year-old male patient presented with sudden onset of spastic paraparesis with definite sensory level and urinary retention. What are your diagnoses? H75

Treatment

  • How to treat TM? A, Hs95
  • What are the treatments of acute transverse myelitis? H76
  • What is the prognosis of acute TM? Hs95

Complications

  • Q

 

 

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]]> 506 SCD https://med.rimikri.com/scd-questions/ Sat, 20 May 2017 16:17:40 +0000 http://med.rimikri.com/?p=504 The post SCD appeared first on Rimikri Med.

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Neurology

Definition and classification

  • Why is it called combined degeneration? Hs96

Epidemiology

  • Q

Etiology and Pathophysiology

  • What are the causes of both pyramidal and dorsal column loss? Hs96
  • What are the causes of dorsal column loss? Hs97
  • Which tracts are involved in SCD of spinal cord? H37
  • What is the cause of SCD? Hs97
  • What are the causes of vitamin B12 deficiency? Hs97
  • What is the daily requirement of vitamin B12? How long does it take to develop vitamin B12 deficiency? Hs97
  • Which type of anemia occur in vitamin B12 deficiency? Hs97
  • What is the cause of megaloblastic macrocytic anemia? Hs97

Clinical manifestations

  • Please tell the neurological manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency? Hs97
  • What are the non-neurological manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency? Hs97

Examinations

  • Q

Investigations

  • How will you investigate this patient? Hs97
  • What are the expected findings in PBF? Hs97

Diagnosis

  • What is your diagnosis? Hs96
  • What are the differential diagnosis? Hs96

Treatment

  • How would you treat this patient? Hs97
  • What is the response of neurological lesion to vitamin B12 therapy? Hs97

Complications

  • Q

 

 

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]]> 504 Spastic paraplegia – Pott’s disease https://med.rimikri.com/spastic-paraplegia-questions/ Sat, 20 May 2017 16:16:23 +0000 http://med.rimikri.com/?p=502 The post Spastic paraplegia – Pott’s disease appeared first on Rimikri Med.

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Neurology

Definition and classification

  • What do you mean by paraplegia and paralysis?
  • What is cerebral paraplegia? hl
  • What is paraplegia in flexion and paraplegia in extension? A, hl
  • What is mass reflex? a

Epidemiology

  • Q

Etiology and Pathophysiology

  • What is the common chronic infection causing paraplegia? H79
  • What are the causes of spastic paraplegia? A, h78
    • What are the most common causes of spastic paraplegia? A
    • What are the causes of spastic paraplegia due to cerebral lesion? A
    • What are the non-compressive causes of spastic paraparesis or paraplegia? A, hl
    • What are the causes of spastic paraplegia with definite sensory level? Hs93
    • What are the causes of spastic paraplegia without sensory loss? hs93
    • What are the causes of spastic paraplegia with dorsal column loss? hs93
    • What are the causes of spastic paraplegia with spinothalamic column loss? hs94
  • What are the causes of spinal cord compression? H77
  • What are the causes of spinal cord compression according to the site of lesion? A
  • What are the causes of paraplegia without sensory loss? hl
  • What are the causes of dissociated sensory loss? hs94
  • What are the causes of paraplegia of sudden onset? A, hl
  • What are the causes of absent ankle jerk, but extensor plantar response? A
  • What are the causes of flaccid paraplegia? A
  • What are the causes of hypotonia? A
  • What are the causes of hypertonia? A
  • What are the causes of cerebral paraplegia? Hl
  • Which factors would help to identify the cause of spastic paraplegis? Hs93

Clinical manifestations

  • What are the symptoms of spinal cord compression? A
  • What are the features of cerebral lesion causing paraplegia? A
  • What are the features of Brown-Séquard syndrome? Hl

Examinations

  • What are the cardinal signs of spinal cord compression? A
  • How to find out the sensory level in spinal cord compression? A / How to find out vertebral level? hl
  • What are the findings of spinal cord compression at different levels of spinal cord? A
  • What is the difference between rigidity and spasticity? A
  • What are the signs of pulmonary fibrosis present in this patient? hl

Investigations

  • What investigations should be done in spastic paraplegia? a
  • How will you investigate this patient? Hl
    • What are your expected findings in X-ray of dorsal spine? hl

Diagnosis

  • Why do you think spastic paraplegia? hl
    • Why is it spinal cord compression? A, hl
    • Why do you think Pott’s disease? Hl
    • Why do you think this is active pulmonary tuberculosis? Hl
    • Why do you think extrinsic spinal cord compression? hl
  • What do you think the causes of cord compression in this case? a
  • What is the site of your lesion? A, hl
  • At what vertebral level is this lesion? hl
  • What are your differential diagnoses? A
    • Why not MND? A
    • Could it be due to SCD? A, hl
    • Why is this not multiple sclerosis? hl
    • Could it be due to Friedreich’s ataxia? A

Treatment

  • How will you treat this patient? Hl
  • How long will you give anti-TB drug? Hl

Complications

  • Q

 

 

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]]> 502 Myasthenia gravis https://med.rimikri.com/myasthenia-gravis-questions/ Sat, 20 May 2017 16:15:10 +0000 http://med.rimikri.com/?p=500 The post Myasthenia gravis appeared first on Rimikri Med.

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Neurology

Definition and classification

  • What is myasthenia gravis? A
  • What is myasthenic crisis? A
  • What is cholinergic crisis? A
  • What diseases are associated with MG? a
  • What is Eaton-Lambert syndrome (LEMS)? a

Epidemiology

  • Q

Etiology and Pathophysiology

  • What is the pathology in MG? a
  • Name one drug which can cause myasthenia gravis. a
  • Which muscles are commonly involved in MG? a
  • What are the exacerbating factors of MG? a

Clinical manifestations

  • What are the features of myasthenia gravis? a

Examinations

  • What is ice on eyes test? A
  • What bedside tests are done in MG? a

Investigations

  • What investigations should be done in myasthenia gravis? A
  • What is Tensilon test? A
  • What is the finding in repeated nerve stimulation test (RNS)? a

Diagnosis

  • What are your differential diagnoses? A
  • How to differentiate between myasthenic crisis and cholinergic crisis? A
  • What are the differences between Eaton-Lambert syndrome and myasthenia gravis? a

Treatment

  • How to treat MG? a
  • What is the role of thymectomy? A
  • What is the prognosis after thymectomy? A
  • What drugs should be avoided in MG? a

Complications

  • Q

 

 

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]]> 500 Guillain-Barré syndrome https://med.rimikri.com/gbs-questions/ Sat, 20 May 2017 16:13:59 +0000 http://med.rimikri.com/?p=498 The post Guillain-Barré syndrome appeared first on Rimikri Med.

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Neurology

Definition and classification

  • What is GBS? A
  • Which type of disease is Guillain-Barré syndrome? l
  • What are the variants of GBS? A
  • What is Miller-Fisher syndrome? A
  • What is neuronal (septic) shock? Hl
  • What are the causes of sudden muscle weakness? H94

Epidemiology

  • Q

Etiology and Pathophysiology

  • Which type of paralysis occurs in Guillain-Barré syndrome? l
  • What are the causes of flaccid paraplegia? A
  • What are the causes of acute flaccid paralysis? Hs
  • What is the cause of GBS? What is the mechanism? A
  • What are the causes of motor neuropathy? a

Clinical manifestations

  • How does the patient of GBS usually present? a

Examinations

  • What are the clinical findings in GBS? A
  • What are the cardinal findings on examination of GBS patient? Hl
  • What is the condition of jerks in GBS? hl

Investigations

  • What investigations do you suggest in GBS? A, hl
  • When will you do lumbar puncture? H89 (10 days after onset of disease.)
  • Why will you do lumbar puncture after 10 days? hl
  • What are the typical findings in CSF? Hl
    • What do you mean by albuminocytological disassociation? hl

Diagnosis

  • Why do you think flaccid paraplegia? Hl
  • Why do you think GBS? Hl
  • Why is this not spinal cord compression with neuronal shock? Hl
  • Why is this not hypokalemic periodic paralysis? Hl
  • Why is this not CIDP? Hs
  • What history would you like to ask this patient? hs
  • What are the differential diagnosis of flaccid paralysis? Hl
  • A 15-year-old boy presented with weakness of both lower limbs for 3 days which is ascending in nature. He has history of loose watery motion 14 days back. What is your most probable diagnosis? H80
  • How can you differentiate GBS from poliomyelitis? Hl
  • What is the finding in poliomyelitis? hl

Treatment

  • How to treat GBS? A, hl
  • What are the indications of IV Ig in GBS? A
  • What are the side effects of IV Ig? Aq
  • What are the adverse effects of plasmapheresis? A
  • When is the patient ventilated? hl
  • How can you follow-up this patient? hl
  • What is the prognosis of GBS? A, hl
  • What are the adverse prognostic factors? hl

Complications

  • What are the dangerous complications of GBS (cause of death)? a

 

 

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]]> 498 Peripheral neuropathy https://med.rimikri.com/peripheral-neuropathy-questions/ Sat, 20 May 2017 16:13:05 +0000 http://med.rimikri.com/?p=496 The post Peripheral neuropathy appeared first on Rimikri Med.

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Neurology

Definition and classification

  • What is mononeuritis multiplex? a
  • What are the small nerve fibers and what modalities of sensation are carried by them? Hs
  • Which modalities of sensation are affected by large fiber neuropathy? hs
  • What are the types of neuropathy in DM? a, hs

Epidemiology

  • Q

Etiology and Pathophysiology

  • What are the causes of peripheral neuropathy? A
  • What are the common causes of peripheral neuropathy? H95
  • Which part is first involved in peripheral neuropathy? Why? A
  • What are the causes of painful neuropathy? A
  • What are the causes of predominantly sensory neuropathy? A, hs
  • What are the common causes of sensorimotor polyneuropathy? hs
  • What are the causes of predominantly motor neuropathy? A, hs
  • What are the mechanisms of neuropathy? A
  • What are the causes of demyelination and axonal degeneration? A
  • What are the causes of demyelinating neuropathy? Hs
  • What are the causes of axonal degeneration? hs
  • What are the causes of mononeuritis multiplex? A, hs
  • What are the causes of acute mononeuritis multiplex? A
  • What is the mechanism of neuropathy in DM? a
  • What is the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy? A
  • What are the causes of thickening of nerves? A
  • What are the causes of autonomic neuropathy? A, hs
  • What are the causes of small fiber neuropathy? Hs
  • What is the pathophysiology of peripheral neuropathy? hs

Clinical manifestations

  • What are the features of autonomic neuropathy? Hs
    • What are the causes of loss of tendon reflexes? H98
  • What are the common presentations of peripheral polyneuropathy? H96

Examinations

  • What are your expected findings on examination? H97
  • Having made a diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy. What questions would you like to solve during examination? Hs

Investigations

  • What investigations should be done in polyneuropathy? A, hs
  • How to differentiate between demyelination and axonal degeneration? A, hs
  • How to test autonomic function? a

Diagnosis

  • Could it be MND? A
  • How can you differentiate between neuropathy and myopathy? H99

Treatment

  • How would you treat peripheral neuropathy? Hs
  • Please name some drugs used to treat neuropathic pain. H100
  • What is the prognosis of autonomic neuropathy in diabetes mellitus? A
  • Peripheral motor neuropathy
    • What is your diagnosis? Hs
    • Why have you told this? Hs
    • Why is this not MND? Hs
  • Peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy
    • What is your diagnosis? hs
    • What are the points in favor of your diagnosis? Hs
  • Peripheral sensory neuropathy
    • What is your diagnosis? Hs
    • What are the points in favor of your diagnosis? Hs

Complications

  • Q

 

 

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]]> 496 Friedreich’s ataxia https://med.rimikri.com/friedreichs-ataxia-questions/ Sat, 20 May 2017 16:11:58 +0000 http://med.rimikri.com/?p=494 The post Friedreich’s ataxia appeared first on Rimikri Med.

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Neurology

Definition and classification

  • What is Friedreich’s ataxia? A, hs99
  • What are the different types of hereditary ataxia? Hs99

Epidemiology

  • Q

Etiology and Pathophysiology

  • What do you know about the genetics of Friedreich’s ataxia? Hs99
  • What are the sites of lesion in Friedreich’s ataxia? A, hs99
  • Why absent tendon reflex, but extensor plantar response? A
  • What are the causes of pes cavus? A, hs99
  • What are the causes of combined cerebellar, pyramidal and dorsal column signs? A, hs99

Clinical manifestations

  • What are the features of Friedreich’s ataxia? A, hs99

Examinations

  • Q

Investigations

  • What investigations should be done in Freidreich’s ataxia? a

Diagnosis

  • What are your differential diagnoses? A
  • Why is this cause not multiple sclerosis? Hs99
  • What are the different types of hereditary ataxias? a

Treatment

  • Q

Complications

  • Q

 

 

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]]> 494 Cerebrovascular disease https://med.rimikri.com/cvd-questions/ Sat, 20 May 2017 16:10:59 +0000 http://med.rimikri.com/?p=492 The post Cerebrovascular disease appeared first on Rimikri Med.

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Neurology

Definition and classification

  • What is stroke? A, hs104
  • What are the types of stroke? A, hs104
    • Discussion on different types of CVD. a
  • What are the diseases included in CVA? A
  • What is TIA? Hs104
  • What do you mean by paresis, plegia, hemiplegia, and paraplegia? H62
  • What are the clinical types of hemiplegia? Hs104
  • Brainstem syndrome. A
  • What is funny turn? What are the causes? A
  • What is drop attack? A
  • What is coma vigil? A
  • What is Weber’s syndrome? Hs106
  • What is Millard-Gubler syndrome? Hs106

Epidemiology

  • Q

Etiology and Pathophysiology

  • What are the causes of CVD in a young patient? A
  • What are the risk factors for stroke? A, hs104
  • What are the possible site of lesion in hemiplegia? Hs104
  • What are the causes of recurrent hemiplegia? A
  • What are the causes of coma or unconsciousness? A
  • Where is the lesion of spinal hemiplegia? Hs105

Clinical manifestations

  • What are the common presentations of the stroke? Hs104
  • What is the common presentation of SAH? H63
  • What are the features of anterior cerebral artery involvement? Hs104
  • Which limb is more affected in middle cerebral artery? Hs105

Examinations

  • What you have examined in the heart? A
  • Have you examined the neck? Why? A
  • How will you differentiate between hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke clinically? Hs105
  • How will you differentiate between cerebral and brainstem stroke? Hs105

Investigations

  • What investigations do you suggest? A, hs105
  • What investigations should be done in a young patient with stroke? a

Diagnosis

  • What type of CVD is this? A
  • Why is it cerebral thrombosis? A
  • Why not cerebral embolism? A
  • Why not cerebral hemorrhage? A
  • Why not subarachnoid hemorrhage? A
  • What is the likely site of lesion in your case? a

Treatment

  • How to treat CVD? A
  • Please tell the general measures of a stroke patient. H105
  • What are the specific measures for infarctive stroke? H105
  • What are the specific measures for hemorrhagic stroke? H105
  • What is the prognosis of CVA? A
  • How to prevent stroke? A
  • What is the role of oral contraceptive pill in stroke? A
  • How can you treat TIA? H105

Complications

  • What are the complications of acute stroke? A
  • What are the complications of stroke? H105

 

 

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]]> 492 Multiple sclerosis https://med.rimikri.com/multiple-sclerosis-questions/ Sat, 20 May 2017 16:10:00 +0000 http://med.rimikri.com/?p=489 The post Multiple sclerosis appeared first on Rimikri Med.

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Neurology

Definition and classification

  • What is MS? A
  • Which type of disease is MS? hl
  • What are the other demyelinating disorders? A, hl
  • What are the clinical categories of MS? hl
  • What is triad of Steinberg? A, hl
  • What is Uhthoff’s phenomenon? A, hl
  • What is Lhermitte’s sign? A, hl

Epidemiology

  • Q

Etiology and Pathophysiology

  • What are the causes of bilateral upper motor neuron lesion involving the lower limbs? a
  • What are the causes of bilateral pyramidal lesions in both lower limbs? Hl
  • What are the causes of recurrent attack of myelitis? A
  • What is the natural history of the disease? A
  • What are the causes of MS? A
  • What are sites of involvement in MS? A, hl
  • What are the prognostic factors in MS? A
  • What happens during pregnancy in multiple sclerosis? A, hl
  • What are the causes of Lhermitte’s sign?hl

Clinical manifestations

  • What are the presentations of MS? A
  • What are the clinical courses (or types) of MS? a

Examinations

  • Which reflex is lost early? A
  • What are the features of end-stage MS?

Investigations

  • What investigations should be done in multiple sclerosis? A, hl
  • What is the role of MRI? A
  • What are the MRI findings in MS? hl

Diagnosis

  • Why is it multiple sclerosis? A, hl
  • Why is this not Friedreich’s ataxia? hl
  • Why not spinal cord compression? A
  • Why is this not subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord? hl
  • What are the differential diagnoses? A
  • Is there any diagnostic criteria for diagnosis of MS? Hl
  • What is the basis of diagnosis of MS? hl

Treatment

  • How to treat MS? A, hl
  • What are the disease modifying drugs used to prevent relapse? Hl
  • What is the role of steroid in MS? A
  • How will you treat spastcity? hl
  • What is the role of exercise in MS? A, hl
  • Tell the prognosis of the patient. hl
    • What are the bad prognostic factors? Hl
    • What are the favorable prognostic factors? hl

Complications

  • What are the complications of MS? hl

 

 

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]]> 489 Motor neuron disease https://med.rimikri.com/mnd-questions/ Sat, 20 May 2017 16:08:50 +0000 http://med.rimikri.com/?p=486 The post Motor neuron disease appeared first on Rimikri Med.

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Neurology

Definition and classification

  • What is MND? A, hl
  • What are the types of MND? A
  • What is fasciculation? A

Epidemiology

  • What is the mean age of onset of MND? hl

Etiology and Pathophysiology

  • What are the causes of MND? A
  • What is the pathology of MND? A, hl
  • What are the patterns of involvement in MND? hl
  • What are the causes of fasciculation? a
    • What is the mechanism? A, hl
    • What is the difference between fasciculation and fibrillation of muscle? A
  • What is the clinical course of MND? hl

Clinical manifestations

  • Which features are strongly against the diagnosis of MND? hl
  • What are the causes of wasting of the small muscles of the hand? A
  • What are the neurological non-metastatic syndromes of malignancy? a

Examinations

  • What are the signs of cerebellar lesion? H131

Investigations

  • What investigations should be done in this case? A, hl
  • What changes occur in CSF in MND? hl

Diagnosis

  • Why it is MND? A, hl
  • Why amytrophic lateral sclerosis? A, hl
  • Mention one common differential diagnosis to be excluded in such case. A
  • What are the differential diagnoses? A
  • Why is this not cervical spondylosis? hl
  • Could it be syringomyelia? A, hl
  • Why is this not myopathy? Hl
  • Why is this not peripheral neuropathy? hl
  • What are the differences between bulbar and pseudobulbar palsy? a

Treatment

  • How to treat MND? A, hl
  • Is there any drug which improves survival? hl
  • What is the prognosis of MND? A, hl
    • Which type of MND have better prognosis? Hl
    • Which factors are associated with proper prognosis? hl

Complications

  • What are the causes of death in MND? Hl

 

 

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